GED Science Preparation Course: Life science: ecosystems, heredity and evolution

1. Pytanie 1 z 16

   In an ecosystem, what does a producer do?

   • AMakes its own food using light energy
   • BBreaks down dead matter
   • CLives inside another organism and harms it
   • DEats only other animals
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   Odpowiedź: A. Makes its own food using light energy

   Producers such as plants make food by photosynthesis, using light energy.

2. Pytanie 2 z 16

   What is the role of decomposers such as fungi and bacteria?

   • AThey break down dead matter and recycle nutrients
   • BThey carry pathogens from one host animal to another
   • CThey hunt and eat herbivores in the food chain
   • DThey make their own food from sunlight
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   Odpowiedź: A. They break down dead matter and recycle nutrients

   Decomposers recycle matter by breaking down dead organisms and wastes.

3. Pytanie 3 z 16

   In the food chain grass → grasshopper → frog → hawk, what do the arrows show?

   • AWhich way each animal moves when it hunts
   • BThe order in which the animals appeared on Earth
   • CThe direction energy flows, from food to eater
   • DWhich animal in the chain is the largest
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   Odpowiedź: C. The direction energy flows, from food to eater

   Each arrow points from the organism that is eaten to the organism that eats it.

4. Pytanie 4 z 16

   In the food chain grass → grasshopper → frog → hawk, which organism is a herbivore?

   • AFrog
   • BGrasshopper
   • CGrass
   • DHawk
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   Odpowiedź: B. Grasshopper

   A herbivore eats plants. The grasshopper eats grass; the frog and hawk eat animals.

5. Pytanie 5 z 16

   Producers in an ecosystem store 20,000 kJ of energy. Using the 10% rule, about how much reaches the secondary consumers?

   • A20 kJ
   • B18,000 kJ
   • C200 kJ
   • D2,000 kJ
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   Odpowiedź: C. 200 kJ

   About 10% passes up each level: 20,000 → 2,000 kJ (primary consumers) → 200 kJ (secondary consumers).

6. Pytanie 6 z 16

   Deer were brought to an island in year 1. Based on the table, what is the island's carrying capacity for deer?

   Rok	Deer on the island
   1	40
   3	120
   5	260
   7	310
   9	305
   11	312

   • AAbout 40 deer
   • BAbout 310 deer
   • CAbout 120 deer
   • DAbout 620 deer
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   Odpowiedź: B. About 310 deer

   Carrying capacity is the largest population the environment can support over time. The count levels off near 310.

7. Pytanie 7 z 16

   Bees get nectar from flowers, and the flowers get pollen carried to other flowers. What kind of relationship is this?

   • APredator and prey
   • BParasitism
   • CMutualism
   • DCompetition
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   Odpowiedź: C. Mutualism

   In mutualism, both species benefit.

8. Pytanie 8 z 16

   A tick feeds on a dog's blood and can make the dog sick. What kind of relationship is this?

   • AParasitism
   • BMutualism
   • CDecomposition
   • DCommensalism
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   Odpowiedź: A. Parasitism

   In parasitism, one organism benefits and the other is harmed.

9. Pytanie 9 z 16

   A new snake species with no natural predators is released on an island. What is the most likely effect?

   • APopulations of the animals it eats may crash
   • BThe snake will become a producer
   • CThe island's plants will stop photosynthesis
   • DNothing will change because snakes are small
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   Odpowiedź: A. Populations of the animals it eats may crash

   An invasive species can disrupt an ecosystem, causing the populations it preys on to decline or even go extinct.

10. Pytanie 10 z 16

    A pea plant has the gene pair Tt and is tall. Which describes "Tt" and "tall"?

    • ATt is the genotype; tall is the phenotype
    • BTt is the phenotype; tall is the genotype
    • CBoth are phenotypes
    • DBoth are genotypes
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    Odpowiedź: A. Tt is the genotype; tall is the phenotype

    The genotype is the pair of alleles. The phenotype is the trait you can see.

11. Pytanie 11 z 16

    Two parents both have the genotype Aa. The recessive trait shows only in aa. What is the chance a child shows the recessive trait?

    • A0%
    • B25%
    • C50%
    • D75%
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    Odpowiedź: B. 25%

    A Punnett square for Aa × Aa gives AA, Aa, Aa and aa. Only 1 of 4 boxes is aa, so the chance is 25%.

12. Pytanie 12 z 16

    One parent is Aa and the other is aa. What is the chance a child has the genotype aa?

    • A25%
    • B100%
    • C50%
    • D75%
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    Odpowiedź: C. 50%

    Aa × aa gives Aa, Aa, aa and aa. Two of four boxes are aa, so the chance is 50%.

13. Pytanie 13 z 16

    A mutation happens in a skin cell on a woman's arm. Can it be passed to her children?

    • ANo, only mutations in sex cells are inherited
    • BYes, but only to her sons and never to her daughters
    • CNo, because mutations never change any DNA
    • DYes, all mutations are passed to children
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    Odpowiedź: A. No, only mutations in sex cells are inherited

    Only mutations in sex cells (eggs or sperm) can be inherited by offspring.

14. Pytanie 14 z 16

    A farmer sprays the same insect poison for many years, and it slowly stops working. What is the best explanation?

    • ASurvivors reproduced, so resistance became more common
    • BEvery insect became resistant during its own lifetime
    • CThe poison turned into food for the insects
    • DThe insects chose to change their own DNA so they could survive
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    Odpowiedź: A. Survivors reproduced, so resistance became more common

    This is natural selection: individuals with a helpful inherited trait survive and reproduce more, so the trait spreads over generations.

15. Pytanie 15 z 16

    On a cladogram, species B and C split from each other more recently than either split from species A. What does this show?

    • AA, B and C are all equally related to each other
    • BA is the newest species of the three
    • CB and C are more closely related to each other
    • DB and C cannot share any common ancestor
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    Odpowiedź: C. B and C are more closely related to each other

    In a cladogram, species that branch apart more recently share a more recent common ancestor, so they are more closely related.

16. Pytanie 16 z 16

    Two groups of one squirrel species are separated by a canyon for a very long time. They change until they can no longer breed together. What has happened?

    • ASpeciation
    • BHomeostasis
    • CMitosis
    • DPhotosynthesis
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    Odpowiedź: A. Speciation

    Speciation is the forming of a new species when separated groups change until they can no longer interbreed.

Klawiatura: 1–4, aby odpowiedzieć, Enter – następne pytanie.

Prawdziwy egzamin: 145 on a 100–200 scale